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更新日期：2019-06-18
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The Lampyridae are a family of insects in the beetle order Coleoptera. They are winged beetles commonly called fireflies or lightning bugs for their conspicuous use of bioluminescence during twilight to attract mates or prey. Fireflies produce a cold light with no infrared or ultraviolet frequencies. This chemically produced light from the lower abdomen may be yellow green or pale red with wavelengths from 510 to 670 nanometers.
About 2,000 species of fireflies are found in temperate and tropical climates. Many are in marshes or in wet wooded areas where their larvae have abundant sources of food. Their larvae emit light and often are called glowworms in Eurasia and elsewhere. In the Americas, glow worm also refers to the related Phengodidae. In many species both male and female fireflies have the ability to fly but in some species the females are flightless.
Fireflies tend to be brown and soft-bodied often with the elytra or front wings more leathery than those of other beetles. Although the females of some species are similar in appearance to males larviform females are found in many other firefly species. These females can often be distinguished from the larvae only because they have compound eyes. The most commonly known fireflies are nocturnal although numerous species are diurnal. Most diurnal species are not luminescent however some species that remain in shadowy areas may produce light.
A few days after mating, a female lays her fertilized eggs on or just below the surface of the ground. The eggs hatch three to four weeks later and the larvae feed until the end of the summer. The larvae are commonly called glowworms. Lampyrid larvae have simple eyes. The term glowworm is also used for both adults and larvae of species such as Lampyris noctiluca the common European glowworm in which only the nonflying adult females glow brightly and the flying males glow only weakly and intermittently.
Fireflies hibernate over winter during the larval stage some species for several years. Some do this by burrowing underground while others find places on or under the bark of trees. They emerge in the spring. After several weeks of feeding on other insects snails and worms they pupate for 1.0 to 2.5 weeks and emerge as adults. The larvae of most species are specialized predators and feed on other larvae terrestrial snails and slugs. Some are so specialized that they have grooved mandibles that deliver digestive fluids directly to their prey. Adult diet varies: some are predatory while others feed on plant pollen or nectar. Some like the European glow-worm beetle Lampyris noctiluca have no mouth.
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